What is Tumor Microenvironment (TME)? The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a constantly changing framework intricately linked with cancer cells, largely influenced by their presence. Distinctive traits of the TME include irregular blood vessels, hypoxia, acidic pH levels outside cells, modifications in the extracellular matrix, and stromal components like cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, and immune cells (Marie-France Penet, Samata Kakkad & Jesus Pacheco-Torres, et.al, 2021) Cytokines and the Tumor Microenvironment Cytokines play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by acting as signaling molecules that mediate interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding stromal components. One of the three major characteristics of the TME is the presence of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation promotes cancer cell proliferation, matrix degradation and remodeling, angiogenesis, and immune suppression, thereby facilitating tumor growth, invasio...
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